什么是“煤氣燈效應(yīng)”?
(資料圖)
《韋氏詞典》上,2022年“gaslighting(煤氣燈效應(yīng))”這個(gè)詞的搜索量比上一年增加了1740%,也一躍成為2022年度詞匯。那么這個(gè)詞究竟是什么意思呢?
Merriam-Webster"s top definition for gaslighting is the psychologicalmanipulation of a person, usually over an extended period of time, that "causes the victim to question the validity of their own thoughts, perceptionof reality, or memories and typically leads to confusion, loss of confidence and self-esteem, uncertainty of one"s emotional or mental stability, and a dependency on the perpetrator."
《韋氏詞典》對(duì)gaslighting有兩條定義。其中一條指:對(duì)一個(gè)人的心理操縱,通常持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間,導(dǎo)致受害者質(zhì)疑自己的思想、對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的感知或記憶的可靠性,通常導(dǎo)致困惑、信心和自尊的喪失、情緒或精神的不穩(wěn)定,以及對(duì)施暴者的依賴。
1
psychological
psychological 表示“心靈的;心理的;精神上的”,英文解釋為“connected with a person"s mind and the way in which it works”
the psychological development of children
兒童的心理發(fā)展。
2
perception
1. 表示“認(rèn)識(shí),觀念,看法”,英文解釋為“a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem”
2. 表示“知覺;感知”,英文解釋為“the way you notice things, especially with the senses”如:visual perception 視覺;
3
perpetrator
perpetrator 表示“作惡者;犯罪者”,英文解釋為“someone who does something morally wrong or illegal”。
簡(jiǎn)單來說,“煤氣燈效應(yīng)”又叫認(rèn)知否定, 實(shí)際上是一種通過“扭曲”受害者眼中的真實(shí)而進(jìn)行的心理操控和洗腦。煤氣燈效應(yīng):“如果你對(duì)自己的看法往往來自周圍人的評(píng)價(jià);你的父母數(shù)落你的穿著、工作、朋友還有交往對(duì)象,你卻反思也許他們的意見都是對(duì)的;你很難做出簡(jiǎn)單的決定,并且經(jīng)常自我懷疑,也許這不是因?yàn)槟氵€不夠好,而是你無意識(shí)地被操控了?!?/p>
“煤氣燈效應(yīng)”從何而來?
It birthed two film adaptations in the 1940s.George Cukor"s "Gaslight" in 1944, starred Ingrid Bergman as Paula Alquist and Charles Boyer as Gregory Anton. The two marry after a whirlwind romance and Gregory turns out to be a champion gaslighter. Among other instances, he insists her complains over the constant dimming of their London townhouse"s gaslights is a figment of her troubled mind. It wasn"t.
Gaslighting源自帕特里克·漢密爾頓1938年創(chuàng)作的劇本。1944年,改編自該劇本的經(jīng)典黑色懸疑片《煤氣燈下》(Gaslight)問世。這部影片講述了丈夫?yàn)榱酥\取妻子的財(cái)產(chǎn),千方百計(jì)把妻子逼瘋的故事。劇中,妻子看到了微弱的煤氣燈光,丈夫卻一直否認(rèn),說她看錯(cuò)了。妻子單純地愛著丈夫,對(duì)其深信不疑,久而久之就確信自己真的看錯(cuò)了。
2007年,心理學(xué)家羅賓·斯特恩(Robin Stern)結(jié)合20年的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)出版了《煤氣燈效應(yīng):遠(yuǎn)離情感暴力和操縱狂》,該書出版之后,煤氣燈效應(yīng)被廣泛地運(yùn)用于心理學(xué)(尤其是臨床心理學(xué))學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,后不斷延伸擴(kuò)展到哲學(xué)、政治學(xué)(政治評(píng)論)等學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。
4
adaptation
1. 表示“適應(yīng)”,英文解釋為“the process of changing to suit different conditions”
2. 表示“(電影、書、劇本等的)改編”,英文解釋為“a film, book, play, etc. that has been made from another film, book, play, etc.”
5
whirlwind
1. 作名詞,表示“旋風(fēng)”,英文解釋為“a tall, spinning column of air that moves across the surface of the land or sea.”
2. 表示“一片忙亂”,英文解釋為“a situation or series of events where a lot of things happen very quickly”
3. 作形容詞,表示“(事件)旋風(fēng)般的,飛快的”,英文解釋為“A whirlwind event happens very fast, and often unexpectedly.”
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dim
1. 表示“(使)變暗,(使)亮度降低”,英文解釋為“to (make something) become less bright”
2. 表示“(使)減弱,(使)變淡”,英文解釋為“to (make a positive feeling or quality) become less strong”
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figment
通常用 a figment of sb"s imagination表示“憑空想象的事物;虛構(gòu)的事;臆造的事物”,英文解釋為“If you say that something is a figment of someone"s imagination, you mean that it does not really exist and that they are just imagining it.”
除此之外,2022年《韋氏詞典》熱詞還有“寡頭”(oligarch)、“王后”(Queen Consort)、“奧米克戎”(omicron)、“取消文化”(cancel culture)、“編纂”(codify)等。
《劍橋詞典》(Cambridge Dictionary)2022年度詞匯為Homer(本壘打)。
《柯林斯詞典》(Collins English Dictionary)2022年度詞匯為“Permacrisis”(長(zhǎng)久危機(jī)),“長(zhǎng)久的(permanent)”與“危機(jī)(crisis)”二詞組合詞,反映了“當(dāng)今世界的狀況”。
《牛津詞典》(Oxford English Dictionary)2022年度熱詞分別是“goblin mode”(哥布林模式/咸魚模式)、“#IStandWith”(我站XX)和“metaverse”(元宇宙)。
擴(kuò)展閱讀:
“哥布林模式”榮登牛津大學(xué)出版社2022年度熱詞
來源:中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng),圖片來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò),如侵刪
監(jiān)制:李璨
編輯:劉煜
校審:田江含
值班編委:鄭楠